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Phytophagy in the Braconidae was first discovered in the subfamily Doryctinae with various species in a small number of genera being found to be primary gall formers. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The authors have no support or funding to report.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.īraconid wasps represent one of the most diversified groups of insects comprising 46 subfamilies with nearly 1000 genera and 15,000 described species, the vast majority of which are parasitoids of other insects and have been extensively used as experimental models of host–parasite associations. Received: AugAccepted: Published: June 29, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Ranjith et al. Borges, Indian Institute of Science, INDIA Interestingly, the two unrelated seed predator Bracon species are also associated with Burseraceae, perhaps indicating that this plant family is particularly suited as a food for braconine wasps.Ĭitation: Ranjith AP, Quicke DLJ, Saleem UKA, Butcher BA, Zaldívar-Riverón A, Nasser M (2016) Entomophytophagy ('Sequential Predatory, then Phytophagous Behaviour') in an Indian Braconid ‘Parasitoid’ Wasp (Hymenoptera): Specialized Larval Morphology, Biology and Description of a New Species. The new species illustrates, for the first time, a possible intermediate stage in the evolution of pure phytophagy within the Braconidae. After consuming all available prey, the larvae continue feeding on gall tissue until mature enough to spin cocoons and pupate. Unique dorsal abdominal tubercles, with eversible tips present on the abdominal segments of the larvae that are used to help maintain larval position while feeding, are illustrated. The larvae first attack psyllid nymphs which they seek out within the gall, kill them with a single bite and consume them. The wasps oviposit singly into the galls without paralysing the psyllids. (Burseraceae) in India, induced by the psyllid, Phacopteron lentiginosum Buckton (Hemiptera: Psylloidea, Phacopteronidae) were sampled throughout a period of several months and found to suffer a high level of attack by a new species Bracon garugaphagae Ranjith & Quicke which is here described and illustrated. We describe the detailed biology and specialized larval morphology for the first confirmed entomophytophagous braconid species. ones that display entomophagy and phytophagy sequentially), has been discovered among braconids. Although a few cases of pure phytophagy (primary gall production and seed predation) are known, no previous entomophytophagous species (i.e. The vast majority of braconid wasps are parasitoids of other insects.